scala学习
特质
Traits用于在类(Class)之间共享程序接口(Interface)和字段(Fields)。它们类似于Java 8的接口。 类和对象 (Objects)可以扩展特质,但是特质不能被实例化,因此特质没有参数。
案例类
定义
一个最简单的案例类定义由关键字case class
,类名,参数列表(可为空)组成:
case class Book(isbn: String)
val frankenstein = Book("978-0486282114")
注意在实例化案例类Book
时,并没有使用关键字new
,这是因为案例类有一个默认的apply
方法来负责对象的创建。
当你创建包含参数的案例类时,这些参数是公开(public)的val
比较
案例类在比较的时候是按值比较而非按引用比较:
case class Message(sender: String, recipient: String, body: String)
val message2 = Message("jorge@catalonia.es", "guillaume@quebec.ca", "Com va?")
val message3 = Message("jorge@catalonia.es", "guillaume@quebec.ca", "Com va?")
val messagesAreTheSame = message2 == message3 // true
拷贝
你可以通过copy
方法创建一个案例类实例的浅拷贝,同时可以指定构造参数来做一些改变。
case class Message(sender: String, recipient: String, body: String)
val message4 = Message("julien@bretagne.fr", "travis@washington.us", "Me zo o komz gant ma amezeg")
val message5 = message4.copy(sender = message4.recipient, recipient = "claire@bourgogne.fr")
message5.sender // travis@washington.us
message5.recipient // claire@bourgogne.fr
message5.body // "Me zo o komz gant ma amezeg"
上述代码指定message4
的recipient
作为message5
的sender
,指定message5
的recipient
为”claire@bourgogne.fr”,而message4
的body
则是直接拷贝作为message5
的body
了。
模式匹配
语法
x match {
case 0 => "zero"
case _ => "other"
}
用法
案例类(case classes)的匹配
abstarct class Notification
case class Email(sender:String,title:String,body:String) extends Notification
case class SMS(sender:String,message:String) extends Notification
case class VoiceRecording(contactName:String,link:String) extends Notification
def showNotification(notification: Notification): String = {
notification match {
case Email(sender,title,_) =>
s"You got an email from $sender with title $title"
case SMS(number,message) =>
s"You got a SMS from $number!Message:$message"
case VoiceRecording(name,link) =>
s"You received a Void Recording from $name!Click the link to hear it:$link"
}
}
模式守卫(Pattern gaurds)
// 为了让匹配更加具体,可以使用模式守卫,也就是在模式后面加上if <boolean expression>
def showImportantNotification(notification: Notification, importantPeopleInfo: Seq[String]): String = {
notification match {
case Email(sender, _, _) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(sender) =>
"You got an email from special someone!"
case SMS(number, _) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(number) =>
"You got an SMS from special someone!"
case other =>
showNotification(other) // nothing special, delegate to our original showNotification function
}
}
仅匹配类型
def showNotification(notification: Notification): String = {
notification match {
case e : Email =>
s"You got an email"
case s : SMS =>
s"You got a SMS"
case v : VoiceRecording =>
s"You received a Void Recording"
}
}
密封类
特质(trait)和类(class)可以用sealed
标记为密封的,这意味着其所有子类都必须与之定义在相同文件中,从而保证所有子类型都是已知的。
sealed abstract class Furniture
case class Couch() extends Furniture
case class Chair() extends Furniture
def findPlaceToSit(piece: Furniture): String = piece match {
case a: Couch => "Lie on the couch"
case b: Chair => "Sit on the chair"
}
这对于模式匹配很有用,因为我们不再需要一个匹配其他任意情况的case
。